南極大陸の氷、「実は増加していた」 ＮＡＳＡ
2015年11月4日(水)16時3分配信
（ＣＮＮ） 南極大陸で年々失われていく氷よりも、増えている氷の量の方が多いとの研究結果を、米航空宇宙局（ＮＡＳＡ）のチームがこのほど発表した。事実ならば、南極氷床の融解が海面上昇につながっているという従来の説は覆される。
ＮＡＳＡのチームは南極氷床の高さを人工衛星から計測したデータを調べ、その変化の様子から結論を導き出した。
南極大陸は米国とメキシコを合わせたほどの面積。氷の増減は大陸全体で一律に起きているわけではない。南極半島を含む西南極の一部で氷床の融解が進む一方、東部や内陸部の一部で氷が増加傾向にあることは、かねて指摘されていた。今回の研究では、この増加分が減少分を上回ることが明らかになったという。
氷が増加しているのは、１万年前から続く降雪の増加が原因とみられる。雪は年月を経て積み重なり、圧縮されて氷となる。
チームによれば、こうして１９９２～２００１年には年間１１２０億トンの氷が新たに加わった。０２～０８年はペースが下がり、年間８２０億トンの増加となった。
過去１０年以上にわたる研究では、南極大陸やグリーンランド、世界各地の氷河から溶け出した氷が、海面の上昇を引き起こしているとされてきた。西南極の氷床が融解すると、地球の海面は約３メートル上昇するといわれている。しかし新たな研究結果では、南極大陸は差し引き計算すると全体として氷が増えているため、海面上昇の要因ではないことになる。
これは必ずしも喜ばしい結果とは言えない。グリーンランドで起きている融解などの影響が、従来の推定より大きいことを意味している可能性もあるからだ。
また研究チームの指摘によれば、西南極での氷床融解は次第に加速している一方、氷の増加傾向は近年緩やかになってきた。そのため今後２０年のうちに、減少分が増加分を上回ることが予想されるという。
参照元 ： CNN.co.jp
数年前の時点で南極の氷は増加していることが判明済み。
南極の海氷面積増加、その意味は？
アメリカ国立雪氷データセンター（NSIDC）が10月11日に発表したところによると、衛星データが示した2012年9月末の南極大陸周辺の海氷面積は、この領域での観測史上最大となる1944万平方キロを記録したという。
時代は「地球寒冷化」へ！北極の氷冠が1年間で60パーセントの増加を記録
And now it's global COOLING! Return of Arctic ice cap as it grows by 29% in a year
PUBLISHED: 23:37 GMT, 7 September 2013 | UPDATED: 14:58 GMT, 11 October 2014
A chilly Arctic summer has left 533,000 more square miles of ocean covered with ice than at the same time last year – an increase of 29 per cent.
The rebound from 2012’s record low comes six years after the BBC reported that global warming would leave the Arctic ice-free in summer by 2013.
Instead, days before the annual autumn re-freeze is due to begin, an unbroken ice sheet more than half the size of Europe already stretches from the Canadian islands to Russia’s northern shores.
Scroll down for video
The Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific has remained blocked by pack-ice all year. More than 20 yachts that had planned to sail it have been left ice-bound and a cruise ship attempting the route was forced to turn back.
Some eminent scientists now believe the world is heading for a period of cooling that will not end until the middle of this century – a process that would expose computer forecasts of imminent catastrophic warming as dangerously misleading.
The disclosure comes 11 months after The Mail on Sunday triggered intense political and scientific debate by revealing that global warming has ‘paused’ since the beginning of 1997 – an event that the computer models used by climate experts failed to predict.
In March, this newspaper further revealed that temperatures are about to drop below the level that the models forecast with ‘90 per cent certainty’. The pause – which has now been accepted as real by every major climate research centre – is important, because the models’ predictions of ever-increasing global temperatures have made many of the world’s economies divert billions of pounds into ‘green’ measures to counter climate change.
Those predictions now appear gravely flawed.
The continuing furore caused by The Mail on Sunday’s revelations – which will now be amplified by the return of the Arctic ice sheet – has forced the UN’s climate change body to reconsider its position.
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was due in October to start publishing its Fifth Assessment Report – a huge three-volume study issued every six or seven years. It will hold a pre-summit in Stockholm later this month.
THERE WON'T BE ANY ICE AT ALL! HOW THE BBC PREDICTED CHAOS IN 2007
Only six years ago, the BBC reported that the Arctic would be ice-free in summer by 2013, citing a scientist in the US who claimed this was a ‘conservative’ forecast. Perhaps it was their confidence that led more than 20 yachts to try to sail the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific this summer. As of last week, all these vessels were stuck in the ice, some at the eastern end of the passage in Prince Regent Inlet, others further west at Cape Bathurst. Shipping experts said the only way these vessels were likely to be freed was by the icebreakers of the Canadian coastguard. According to the official Canadian government website, the Northwest Passage has remained ice-bound and impassable all summer.
The BBC’s 2007 report quoted scientist Professor Wieslaw Maslowski, who based his views on super-computer models and the fact that ‘we use a high-resolution regional model for the Arctic Ocean and sea ice’.
He was confident his results were ‘much more realistic’ than other projections, which ‘underestimate the amount of heat delivered to the sea ice’. Also quoted was Cambridge University expert
Professor Peter Wadhams. He backed Professor Maslowski, saying his model was ‘more efficient’ than others because it ‘takes account of processes that happen internally in the ice’.
He added: ‘This is not a cycle; not just a fluctuation. In the end, it will all just melt away quite suddenly.
Leaked documents show that governments which support and finance the IPCC are demanding more than 1,500 changes to the report’s ‘summary for policymakers’. They say its current draft does not properly explain the pause.
At the heart of the row lie two questions: the extent to which temperatures will rise with carbon dioxide levels, as well as how much of the warming over the past 150 years – so far, just 0.8C – is down to human greenhouse gas emissions and how much is due to natural variability.
In its draft report, the IPCC says it is ‘95 per cent confident’ that global warming has been caused by humans – up from 90 per cent in 2007.
This claim is already hotly disputed. US climate expert Professor Judith Curry said last night: ‘In fact, the uncertainty is getting bigger. It’s now clear the models are way too sensitive to carbon dioxide. I cannot see any basis for the IPCC increasing its confidence level.’
She pointed to long-term cycles in ocean temperature, which have a huge influence on climate and suggest the world may be approaching a period similar to that from 1965 to 1975, when there was a clear cooling trend. This led some scientists at the time to forecast an imminent ice age.
Professor Anastasios Tsonis, of the University of Wisconsin, was one of the first to investigate the ocean cycles. He said: ‘We are already in a cooling trend, which I think will continue for the next 15 years at least. There is no doubt the warming of the 1980s and 1990s has stopped.
Then... NASA satellite images showing the spread of Arctic sea ice 27th August 2012
...And now, much bigger: The same Nasa image taken in 2013
‘The IPCC claims its models show a pause of 15 years can be expected. But that means that after only a very few years more, they will have to admit they are wrong.’
Others are more cautious. Dr Ed Hawkins, of Reading University, drew the graph published by The Mail on Sunday in March showing how far world temperatures have diverged from computer predictions. He admitted the cycles may have caused some of the recorded warming, but insisted that natural variability alone could not explain all of the temperature rise over the past 150 years.
Nonetheless, the belief that summer Arctic ice is about to disappear remains an IPCC tenet, frequently flung in the face of critics who point to the pause. Yet there is mounting evidence that Arctic ice levels are cyclical. Data uncovered by climate historians show that there was a massive melt in the 1920s and 1930s, followed by intense re-freezes that ended only in 1979 – the year the IPCC says that shrinking began.
Professor Curry said the ice’s behaviour over the next five years would be crucial, both for understanding the climate and for future policy. ‘Arctic sea ice is the indicator to watch,’ she said.
参照元 ： Mail online
東京工業大学教授・丸山茂徳先生が、IPCCが予測していろ。地球温暖化は嘘で、これからは寒冷化の時代がやってくると予言しています。
小氷河期到来か、太陽黒点なしの状態が続く。CO2温暖化はウソ？
地球全体が冷え込んでいく寒冷化。それが進行していくと、北極、南極の極地から寒波が広がっていき、地球の半分の地域が氷に覆われてしまう事態になるという。ここ10年の間に東京が札幌並みになってしまう。
2015年11月4日(水)16時3分配信
（ＣＮＮ） 南極大陸で年々失われていく氷よりも、増えている氷の量の方が多いとの研究結果を、米航空宇宙局（ＮＡＳＡ）のチームがこのほど発表した。事実ならば、南極氷床の融解が海面上昇につながっているという従来の説は覆される。
ＮＡＳＡのチームは南極氷床の高さを人工衛星から計測したデータを調べ、その変化の様子から結論を導き出した。
南極大陸は米国とメキシコを合わせたほどの面積。氷の増減は大陸全体で一律に起きているわけではない。南極半島を含む西南極の一部で氷床の融解が進む一方、東部や内陸部の一部で氷が増加傾向にあることは、かねて指摘されていた。今回の研究では、この増加分が減少分を上回ることが明らかになったという。
氷が増加しているのは、１万年前から続く降雪の増加が原因とみられる。雪は年月を経て積み重なり、圧縮されて氷となる。
チームによれば、こうして１９９２～２００１年には年間１１２０億トンの氷が新たに加わった。０２～０８年はペースが下がり、年間８２０億トンの増加となった。
過去１０年以上にわたる研究では、南極大陸やグリーンランド、世界各地の氷河から溶け出した氷が、海面の上昇を引き起こしているとされてきた。西南極の氷床が融解すると、地球の海面は約３メートル上昇するといわれている。しかし新たな研究結果では、南極大陸は差し引き計算すると全体として氷が増えているため、海面上昇の要因ではないことになる。
これは必ずしも喜ばしい結果とは言えない。グリーンランドで起きている融解などの影響が、従来の推定より大きいことを意味している可能性もあるからだ。
また研究チームの指摘によれば、西南極での氷床融解は次第に加速している一方、氷の増加傾向は近年緩やかになってきた。そのため今後２０年のうちに、減少分が増加分を上回ることが予想されるという。
参照元 ： CNN.co.jp
数年前の時点で南極の氷は増加していることが判明済み。
南極の海氷面積増加、その意味は？
アメリカ国立雪氷データセンター（NSIDC）が10月11日に発表したところによると、衛星データが示した2012年9月末の南極大陸周辺の海氷面積は、この領域での観測史上最大となる1944万平方キロを記録したという。
時代は「地球寒冷化」へ！北極の氷冠が1年間で60パーセントの増加を記録
And now it's global COOLING! Return of Arctic ice cap as it grows by 29% in a year
PUBLISHED: 23:37 GMT, 7 September 2013 | UPDATED: 14:58 GMT, 11 October 2014
A chilly Arctic summer has left 533,000 more square miles of ocean covered with ice than at the same time last year – an increase of 29 per cent.
The rebound from 2012’s record low comes six years after the BBC reported that global warming would leave the Arctic ice-free in summer by 2013.
Instead, days before the annual autumn re-freeze is due to begin, an unbroken ice sheet more than half the size of Europe already stretches from the Canadian islands to Russia’s northern shores.
Scroll down for video
The Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific has remained blocked by pack-ice all year. More than 20 yachts that had planned to sail it have been left ice-bound and a cruise ship attempting the route was forced to turn back.
Some eminent scientists now believe the world is heading for a period of cooling that will not end until the middle of this century – a process that would expose computer forecasts of imminent catastrophic warming as dangerously misleading.
The disclosure comes 11 months after The Mail on Sunday triggered intense political and scientific debate by revealing that global warming has ‘paused’ since the beginning of 1997 – an event that the computer models used by climate experts failed to predict.
In March, this newspaper further revealed that temperatures are about to drop below the level that the models forecast with ‘90 per cent certainty’. The pause – which has now been accepted as real by every major climate research centre – is important, because the models’ predictions of ever-increasing global temperatures have made many of the world’s economies divert billions of pounds into ‘green’ measures to counter climate change.
Those predictions now appear gravely flawed.
The continuing furore caused by The Mail on Sunday’s revelations – which will now be amplified by the return of the Arctic ice sheet – has forced the UN’s climate change body to reconsider its position.
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was due in October to start publishing its Fifth Assessment Report – a huge three-volume study issued every six or seven years. It will hold a pre-summit in Stockholm later this month.
THERE WON'T BE ANY ICE AT ALL! HOW THE BBC PREDICTED CHAOS IN 2007
Only six years ago, the BBC reported that the Arctic would be ice-free in summer by 2013, citing a scientist in the US who claimed this was a ‘conservative’ forecast. Perhaps it was their confidence that led more than 20 yachts to try to sail the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific this summer. As of last week, all these vessels were stuck in the ice, some at the eastern end of the passage in Prince Regent Inlet, others further west at Cape Bathurst. Shipping experts said the only way these vessels were likely to be freed was by the icebreakers of the Canadian coastguard. According to the official Canadian government website, the Northwest Passage has remained ice-bound and impassable all summer.
The BBC’s 2007 report quoted scientist Professor Wieslaw Maslowski, who based his views on super-computer models and the fact that ‘we use a high-resolution regional model for the Arctic Ocean and sea ice’.
He was confident his results were ‘much more realistic’ than other projections, which ‘underestimate the amount of heat delivered to the sea ice’. Also quoted was Cambridge University expert
Professor Peter Wadhams. He backed Professor Maslowski, saying his model was ‘more efficient’ than others because it ‘takes account of processes that happen internally in the ice’.
He added: ‘This is not a cycle; not just a fluctuation. In the end, it will all just melt away quite suddenly.
Leaked documents show that governments which support and finance the IPCC are demanding more than 1,500 changes to the report’s ‘summary for policymakers’. They say its current draft does not properly explain the pause.
At the heart of the row lie two questions: the extent to which temperatures will rise with carbon dioxide levels, as well as how much of the warming over the past 150 years – so far, just 0.8C – is down to human greenhouse gas emissions and how much is due to natural variability.
In its draft report, the IPCC says it is ‘95 per cent confident’ that global warming has been caused by humans – up from 90 per cent in 2007.
This claim is already hotly disputed. US climate expert Professor Judith Curry said last night: ‘In fact, the uncertainty is getting bigger. It’s now clear the models are way too sensitive to carbon dioxide. I cannot see any basis for the IPCC increasing its confidence level.’
She pointed to long-term cycles in ocean temperature, which have a huge influence on climate and suggest the world may be approaching a period similar to that from 1965 to 1975, when there was a clear cooling trend. This led some scientists at the time to forecast an imminent ice age.
Professor Anastasios Tsonis, of the University of Wisconsin, was one of the first to investigate the ocean cycles. He said: ‘We are already in a cooling trend, which I think will continue for the next 15 years at least. There is no doubt the warming of the 1980s and 1990s has stopped.
Then... NASA satellite images showing the spread of Arctic sea ice 27th August 2012
...And now, much bigger: The same Nasa image taken in 2013
‘The IPCC claims its models show a pause of 15 years can be expected. But that means that after only a very few years more, they will have to admit they are wrong.’
Others are more cautious. Dr Ed Hawkins, of Reading University, drew the graph published by The Mail on Sunday in March showing how far world temperatures have diverged from computer predictions. He admitted the cycles may have caused some of the recorded warming, but insisted that natural variability alone could not explain all of the temperature rise over the past 150 years.
Nonetheless, the belief that summer Arctic ice is about to disappear remains an IPCC tenet, frequently flung in the face of critics who point to the pause. Yet there is mounting evidence that Arctic ice levels are cyclical. Data uncovered by climate historians show that there was a massive melt in the 1920s and 1930s, followed by intense re-freezes that ended only in 1979 – the year the IPCC says that shrinking began.
Professor Curry said the ice’s behaviour over the next five years would be crucial, both for understanding the climate and for future policy. ‘Arctic sea ice is the indicator to watch,’ she said.
参照元 ： Mail online
東京工業大学教授・丸山茂徳先生が、IPCCが予測していろ。地球温暖化は嘘で、これからは寒冷化の時代がやってくると予言しています。
小氷河期到来か、太陽黒点なしの状態が続く。CO2温暖化はウソ？
地球全体が冷え込んでいく寒冷化。それが進行していくと、北極、南極の極地から寒波が広がっていき、地球の半分の地域が氷に覆われてしまう事態になるという。ここ10年の間に東京が札幌並みになってしまう。
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